The chapters proceed historically, beginning with the earliest serious views on the interpretation of mathematics, due to Plato and Aristotle. They then move quickly through the middle ages and the early moderns, but continue with extended discussions of Kant, Mill, and Frege. Later chapters explore the main schools of thought at the start of the twentieth century, i.e. the movements known as logicism, formalism, intuitionism, and what may be called predicativism. These chapters also discuss more modern variations on the same basic themes. Finally the book concludes with a discussion of the most recent debates between realists and nominalists. The emphasis throughout is not simply to describe, but to offer a critical appraisal of, the views discussed. The result is an engaging, clear, and remarkably comprehensive panorama of the major issues in the field.

The book assumes no prior knowledge of mathematics, beyond what is commonly taught in schools, and only a minimal exposure to standard philosophical terminology. It is aimed at undergraduates in philosophy and mathematics, but will also provide an important new perspective on the subject for more experienced readers.