Using Biology to Study Long-Term Environmental Change.- Pollen.- Conifer Stomata.- Plant Macrofossils.- Charcoal as a Fire Proxy.- Non-Pollen Palynomorphs.- Protozoa: Testate Amoebae.- Diatoms.- Chrysophyte Scales and Cysts.- Ebridians.- Phytoliths.- Freshwater Sponges.- Siliceous Protozoan Plates and Scales.- Biogenic Silica.- Sedimentary Pigments.