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The Son of Apollo
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THE SON OF APOLLO THEMES OF PLATO BY FREDERICK J. E. WOODBRIDGE BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY Eije tbetfte i e tf Cambridge MDCCCCXXIX NOTE THE illustrations in this book are, for the most part, adaptations of authentic Greek material of the time near to Plato. The drawings are by my son, Fred erick J. Woodbridge, who has made in them only such changes as seemed warranted by the context in which they now appear. In the banquet scene, for example, it was obviously appropriate to transform a lady into a gentleman and the stele at the end, carrying those two epitomes of wisdom, Know Thyself 5 and Nothing in Excess, is the kind of stele my son looked for and found in his imagination. It is my hope that the illus trations, in their faithfulness to the spirit of such artists of ancient Greece as Duris, Smikros, and Euphronios, contribute, from a source too much neglected by philosophers, something of the character of Platonic scenes as a contemporary might render them. I am indebted to Horace Liveright, Inc., publishers of Bcrtrand Russells Education and the Good Life, for permission to quote entire the Introduction to that book. I am very conscious that my rendering of Plato is an interpretation. It represents, however, the Plato who, after repeated reading and after a studious attempt to viii NOTE deal with the documents in the case, has caught my imagination the son of Apollo and not the founder of the Academy, the artist and not the metaphysician. I have a very strong suspicion that the Plato of the philosophers is more a product of a biased tradition than of Athenian culture, but I cannot prove it nor would I attempt the proof. Yet I may say that there appears to me to beconsiderable evidence that the writers of commentaries and epitomes transformed Aristotelian references to Plato, which were illus trative, into a definition of the Platonic enterprise, thus linking Plato and Aristotle together as men with the same basic purpose but rivals in the execution of it. The Platonic writings, however, do not, even as a whole, reflect the same audience, the same intel lectual temper and curiosity, or the same ancestry as do the writings of Aristotle. The contrast between the two men is like the contrast between the man of letters and the man of science. This, to me, is so evident that I have taken the man of letters to be something quite different from a man of science in disguise. In quoting from Plato and other Greeks I have made my own translations. I hope I have done him and them no injustice. Much of the paraphrase is equivalent to translation, for I have sought words which reflect associated ideas to be found in the original and tried to avoid those with irrelevant associations. I am not NOTE ix unconscious of the peril involved in this procedure. My preference for my own bias is like that of anothers for his. That I venture to claim, for in the matter of Platonic scholarship there can be much dispute, but there is little of that objective certainty which forces one to bow. Plato is one of those fortunate writers who need the aid of neither history nor scholarship to be read. My Plato may not be yours, but yours, then, will certainly not be mine. I am content to leave it that way. F. J. E. W. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, August, 1929. CONTENTS I. THE LIFE OF PLATO II. THE WRITINGS OF PLATO III. THE PERFECT CITY IV. EDUCATION V. LOVE VI. DEATH VII. SOCRATES i 3259 104 54 209 254 THE SON OF APOLLO THE LIFE OF PLATO THERE is a quality to the writings of Plato and some thing elusive about his biography which may readily lead one to believe that the incredible things said of him are truer to his genius than the credible. If, from the stories of his life, we throw away what seems to be fiction or elaboration, there is little left to stir the imagination unless we remember what we have done and embellish the poor remainder anew with a bor rowed glory... |
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