This book provides a systematic and comprehensive introduction to the principles and applications of nuclear radiation measurement. It covers the fundamentals of atoms and nuclei, the decay laws of nuclides, the generation mechanisms of common radioactive rays, detection principles, and measurement devices. Furthermore, it explores the basic modes of interaction with matter, the relationship between measurement data and material properties, and essential governing equations. In-depth discussions are conducted on key topics including the fundamentals of nuclear radiation, particle-matter interaction, statistics and error analysis in measurement, and specific detection methods for alpha, beta, and gamma rays, as well as neutrons. The book also addresses radiation protection and dosimetry. Developed from teaching materials used for over a decade in the nuclear science and technology departments of more than ten universities, this text is practical and aligns with the latest developments and future trends in the field. It serves as a valuable textbook and reference for classroom teaching, self-study, and research by students, scientists, and technical personnel in nuclear science and related disciplines.