Significantly revised, the fifth edition of the most complete, accessible text now covers all three approaches to structural equation modeling (SEM)--covariance-based SEM, nonparametric SEM (Pearl's structural causal model), and composite SEM (partial least squares path modeling). With increased emphasis on freely available software tools such as R lavaan, the text provides an understanding of all phases of SEM--what to know, best practices, and pitfalls to avoid. It includes learning exercises and a new self-test on significance testing, regression, and psychometrics. The companion website supplies helpful primers on these topics as well as data, syntax, and output for the book's examples.