The DSE emerged in Osaka, Japan, around the turn of the eighteenth century. In Tokugawa Japan (1603-1867), the shogunate and local lords levied taxes in rice and exchanged rice for currency in rice markets to finance their expenditures. Osaka had the biggest rice market in Japan throughout the Tokugawa period, and most local lords stored rice in their own warehouses in Osaka, selling rice at auctions. Successful bidders received "rice certificates" instead of rice itself, and each rice certificate could be exchanged for a pre-specified quantity of rice any time before its expiration at the issuer's warehouse. These certificates were actively traded in the DSE.

The spot market in the DSE was the market for exchanging rice certificates. In turn, the futures market was the market for the trading of nominal rice derived from one of the representative rice certificates among about 30 brands. There is no physical delivery of rice in the spot market and there is no physical delivery of rice or rice certificate in the futures market-even on the maturity date. All the futures trades at the DSE should be settled by simply paying or receiving the payo? defined as the di?erence in price between the time of selling (buying) and buying back (selling back). The futures trade was called 'Cho-Ai-Mai', which literally means 'the rice trades on the book', and implies that there is no physical delivery of rice or rice certificate.