This book takes an interdisciplinary look at technical challenges and recent developmental trends in microbial biotechnology. It covers an avalanche of new information available through research by focusing on a broad spectrum of issues on different microorganisms and their recent applications and implications in agriculture, soil science and forestry, industry, and public health and medicine. Topics include organic chemistry, biomass conversion, optimal production processes for different microbes, screening methods, and application of omics approaches to provide a deeper understanding of the microbial-based new and emerging products, trends, processes, and technologies.