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Italy
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ITALY By ELIZABETH WISKEMANN . CONTENTS CHAP. PACK I. BEFORE THE FIRST WORLD WAR .... I II. THE PEOPLE AND THEIR COUNTRY . . 1 8 III. ITALIANS OVERSEAS . . . . . 31 1 Emigration 2 Colonial Expansion IV. INCREASE OF PRODUCTION AND THE RISE OF SOCIALISM 39 V. INTELLECTUAL LIFE IN PRE-FASCIST DAYS . 45 VI. THE ORIGINS OF FASCISM ..... 52 vii. THE WILL OF A FEW, EVEN OF ONE . . . . . 64 VIII. CHURCH, STATE, AND EDUCATION IN ITALY . . 79 a Church and State b The Schools c The Universities IX. DEBIT ACCOUNT ...... 93 X. THE SECOND RISORGIMENTO . . . IOI XI. ITALY TO-DAY . . . . . . .119 EPILOGUE . . . ., .146 INDEX ...... . 153 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE I. ROME ...... Frontispiece II. PAINTING ....... 3 III. PAINTING .... 7 IV. SCULPTURE ....... 9 V. ARCHITECTURE . . . . . 15 VI. ARCHITECTURE . . . . . .21 VII. OCCUPATIONS ....... 27 VIII. TOWN AND COUNTRY IN TUSCANY . . 7 1 IX. THE RESISTANCE . . . . . .105 X. UNDER NAZI OCCUPATION . . . . . 113 XI. HOMELESS ....... 123 XII. INDUSTRY ....... 143 MAPS I. ITALY SINCE NAPOLEON ..... 24-5 II. ITALIAN EMPIRE ...... 36-7 Vlll CHAPTER I BEFORE THE FIRST WORLD WAR Tins is no place to attempt to write a history of Italy. The Italians of to-day are afraid of being appreciated only for their past and reject Mussolinis histrionic efforts to revivify classical Rome. It would nevertheless be absurd to hope to reach any understanding of Italy to-day without in sisting upon the tremendous scale and pace of Italian history, as also upon its particular characteristics, so strikingly different from those of either our own or that of France. For the history of Italy has been convulsive and tumultuous, the most gloriously creative periods having alternated with periodsof devastation and despair above all, the dimensions of Italian history have been universal or municipal, but never, until the nineteenth century, national. These are the keys to Italian character. The City-State of the Roman Republic gave the world a remarkable republican precedent and its juridical conceptions became part of that fabric of civilization Vhich brought us, in the twentieth century, into conflict with the barbarism of Hitlerite Germany. Brutus notwithstanding, the Roman Re public grew into the Roman Empire with its military and administrative achievements, and, above all, the idea of the Pax Romana Italy was then the heart of the Mediterranean world. Since then wave upon wave of foreign invaders has lashed across Italy, Arabs and Normans settling permanently among earlier Greek colonies in Sicily and the South, while number less Germanic inroads left permanent traces in the North. Though barbarians destroyed the Roman Empire, they them selves were subdued by the Christian Church, whose leading prelate was the Bishop of the old imperial capital, eternal Rome thus the Popes restored to Italy what the Emperors had lost, a certain leadership of Europe. When Charlemagne or Otto the Great aspired to be the successors of Augustus they felt that they needed the Popes sanction in order to establish a new, B i 2 ITALY a Holy, Roman Empire. In future, wherever the Emperor resided he accepted, in one form or another, the theory of a world condominium with the Bishop of Rome. The inevitable conflict between Empire and Papacy, so admirably analysed by Lord Bryce in his Holy Roman Empire, then furthered the development of an intense municipal or communal life in the myriad cities ofItaly, Milan, Siena, Florence, Pisa, Genoa, and the rest. It was a landmark in the history of the Communes when the Lombard League defeated the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa at Legnano in 1176... |
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