This book provides an in-depth analysis of the current state of HRD in the Russian Federation. It covers country-level policies, organizational-level programs and strategies, and individual-level educational and training efforts. While the study is focused on Russia, its conclusions will be of value to scholars, students, and practitioners examining similar issues surrounding the emergence and development of HRD systems in emerging countries. Furthermore, the authors' framework for analyzing HRD on multiple levels and across various parts of the adult and vocational education and development systems offers a unique and important contribution to the theoretical debate on comparative educational systems outside the HRD and HRM communities.