This book explains President Erdo?an's controversial decision in terms of Turkey's national, independent and Islamic politics, and as a response to the mosque massacre in Christchurch in March 2019 when his life was threatened by the gunman. Any consideration of Hagia Sophia's present and future also requires appreciation of the almost 1,500-year old story of this architectural marvel, from its inception as a church in 537 to its configuration as a mosque in 2020 and beyond. Because all world heritage sites depend on national management, Hagia Sophia will remain Turkey's responsibility, but the international community is watching to ensure Turkey honours Hagia Sophia's entire heritage, from the 6th century to the 21st century.