Comparing the founding and first twenty years of these organizations, this book offers a deeper understanding of the corresponding institutional contexts and impacts of emigrated, exiled and refugeed academics. It analyses the ambiguities of scientists' situations between emigration, return?migration and transnational life projects and examines the corresponding dynamics of application, adaptation or amalgamation of (travelling) theories and methods these academics brought. Despite its institutional focus, it also deals with the broader context of forced migration of intellectuals and scientists in the second half of the last century in Europe and LatinAmerica. In so doing, the book invites a deeper understanding of the challenges of forced migration for scholars in the 21st century. 

Ludger Pries is Chair for Sociology at Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.

Pablo Yankelevich is Professor at the Centro de Estudios Históricos of El Colegio de México, México.