This book mainly focuses on the key technologies and important issues related to localization estimation and formation control for networked multi-agent systems. Chapter 1 introduces the concepts of multi-agent systems, fundamental issues in localization and formation, research progress both at home and abroad, and the theory of system stability. Chapters 2–8 present research results on distributed localization estimation under conditions such as random deployment, non-ideal channels, random noise, varying-trajectory length, sensor multiplicative failure, and local bearing measurement. Chapter 9 focuses on integrated research progress in localization estimation and formation control for multi-agent systems under local perception conditions. The book demonstrates the effectiveness and superiority of the theoretical methods through simulation and physical examples.