The National Academies Food Forum hosted a public workshop in August 2023 that explored the state of the science on the linkages between dietary patterns and diet-related chronic disease across the lifespan. Workshop presenters looked at dietary assessment, novel biomarkers for assessing dietary quality, and how diet influences the developmental origins of chronic disease, as well as the multitude of modifiable influences on dietary patterns and how these, in turn, affect chronic disease risk and susceptibility. The workshop also examined how to translate science into practice to improve dietary guidance adherence, highlighting examples of organizations working towards advancing the health of communities.