Cyberwars in the Middle East argues that offline political tensions in the Middle East that are sometimes sectarian and regional in nature play a vital role in enhancing the cyber operations and hacking attempts that frequently occur. These cyber operations are often used for espionage and/or undermining the authority and credibility of governments, changing their policies, or causing economic damage. Author Ahmed Al-Rawi explores different types of cyber operations and many hacktivists and hacking groups that are active in the region. He looks at how they are connected to globalization and how some are linked to or clash with global hacktivist groups.