This volume begins with a discussion of long term ex situ conservation of biological resources, the role of biological resource centers, and fundamental principles of freeze-drying and cryopreservation. Each chapter focuses on the preservation of specific biological materials, including proteins, mircroorganisms, cell lines, and multicellular structures. Detailed descriptions of materials required and stepwise protocols are presented for each preservation method, along with explanatory notes that highlight key technical issues. The troubleshooting and background notes provided for each protocol enhance this practical and reliable resource for the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources.