This edition contains several significant updates and expansions. It now features standalone chapters on molecular dynamics simulations and on the Monte Carlo method, both enriched with new applications and examples. The treatment of hypervelocity impact and shock-related applications has also been expanded and is integrated into the broader multiscale discussion of the book, including particle-based space-debris impact scenarios. In addition, a thorough introduction to quantum mechanics is presented, including exercises and source code examples such as the numerical solution of the Schrödinger equation. The computer science material has been expanded into a full chapter, offering a comprehensive introduction to theoretical computer science. Furthermore, the mathematical background has been revised and enlarged to include differential forms, enhancing the understanding of space in physics. Updated references, new exercises, case studies, and repository-supported C/C++ code examples make this book even more valuable for academic use.