This book analyses the efforts of churches, pressure groups, charities, politicians and journalists to promote religious and political liberty and to relieve the victims of famines in late-tsarist and early communist Russia. Luke Kelly seeks to show why a humanitarian discourse emerged from the Anglo-Russian relationship, and assesses the nature of these activists' engagement with Russia's problems. By focusing on the roles of Christian, Jewish and liberal interests in deploying humanitarian solutions, Kelly shows how humanitarianism developed 'from below', while also examining the cause of these interests 'from above', through cultural exchanges and diplomacy.