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Arabic script: Arabic alphabet, Arabic chat alphabet, History of the Arabic alphabet, Romanization of Arabic, Modern Arabic mathematical notation, Ara
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| Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 23. Chapters: Arabic alphabet, Arabic chat alphabet, History of the Arabic alphabet, Romanization of Arabic, Modern Arabic mathematical notation, Arabish, Abjad numerals, Bikdash Arabic Transliteration Rules, Aljamiado, DIN 31635, ArabTeX, Kufic, Buckwalter transliteration, Qalam, Zairja, ISO 233, Hikayat Patani, Eastern Arabic numerals, Arabeyes, Arabic star, Ajami script, Kashida, Wolofal script, Arabic keyboard. Excerpt: The Arabic alphabet (Arabic: ¿ ) or Arabic abjad is the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right to left, in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters. Because letters usually stand for consonants, it is classified as an abjad. The Arabic alphabet has 28 basic letters. Adaptations of the Arabic script for other languages, such as Persian, Ottoman, Sindhi, Urdu, Malay or Pashto, Arabi Malayalam, have additional letters, on which see below. There are no distinct upper and lower case letter forms. Many letters look similar but are distinguished from one another by dots () above or below their central part, called . These dots are an integral part of a letter, since they distinguish between letters that represent different sounds. For example, the Arabic letters transliterated as and have the same basic shape, but has one dot below, , and has two dots above, . Both printed and written Arabic are cursive, with most of the letters within a word directly connected to the adjacent letters. There are two main collating sequences for the Arabic alphabet: The order is not a simple historical continuation of the earlier north Semitic alphabetic order, since it has a position corresponding to the Aramaic letter /semkat , yet no letter of the Arabic alphabet historically derives from that letter. Loss of was compensated for by the split of shin into two independent Arabic letters, (shin) and (sin) which moved up to take the place of . The most common sequence is: This is commonly vocalized as follows: .Another vocalization is: Another sequence (probably older, now mainly confined to the Maghreb), is: which can be vocalized as: Modern dictionaries and other reference books do not use the order to sort alphabetically; instead, the newer order (with letters partially grouped together by similarity of shape) is used: Another kind of order used to be widely used in the Maghreb until recently when it was replaced by the Mashriqi order: Al |
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