This book offers applied linguists a state-of-the-art guide to validating constructs using structural equation modeling (SEM). Building on cutting-edge psychometric methods, it moves beyond traditional, one-size-fits-all validation practices to provide a theory-driven framework for deciding how constructs should be conceptualized, modeled, and evaluated.

The volume is distinctive in its systematic integration of common factor models and composite models, offering clear guidance on when and how to use techniques such as EFA, CFA, ESEM, set-ESEM, and CCA. It reflects the latest developments in SEM, including the recent implementation of composites within standard maximum likelihood estimation. Featuring simulated datasets and annotated outputs illustrating each method in action, Alamer presents these innovations in an accessible and applied manner. The book emphasizes transparent reasoning, minimal reliance on complex mathematics, and step-by-step tutorials using free software such as Jamovi and lavaangui. Each chapter combines theoretical justification with hands-on application and concludes with guidance on leveraging generative AI tools to enhance methodological rigor.

Designed for researchers, graduate students, and advanced practitioners in applied linguistics, psychology, education, and related social sciences, this valuable resource serves as both a reference and a course text in quantitative research methods, questionnaire design, and psychometric validation.