This is the first book on state compliance that treats the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and their subordinate institutions as case studies in new international trends regarding state compliance. Drawing on a wide range of sources, from UNFCCC decisions to national-court judgements, this book clarifies the multiple layers of state compliance within the evolving international and transnational climate change regime. It provides a conceptual framework and mode of evaluation of the regulatory elements that have evolved to date. It comments on the current fragmentation (under the Bali Roadmap process) and possible future unification of accountability and enforcement elements (under the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action).