This book aims at deconstructing and problematizing linguistic ideologies related to Portuguese in late modernity and questioning the theoretical presuppositions which have led us to call Portuguese 'a language.' The book covers a wide range of social, political and historical contexts in which 'Portuguese' is used (in Brazil, Canada, East-Timor, England, Portugal, Mozambique and Uruguay), and considers diverse linguistic practices. Through this critique, contributors chart new directions for research on language ideologies and language practices and consider ways of developing new conceptual compasses that are better attuned to the sociolinguistic realities of the late modern era.