IZMB, University of Bonn, Germany; email: baluska@uni-bonn.de

This provocative and exciting book opens new avenues to understand the nature of diverse living systems and their evolution on the planet Earth. Identification of communication at all levels of biological complexity - from viruses, via bacteria, fungi, plants, corals, and insects, up to humans is convincing. Intriguingly, the communicative nature of all organisms includes also context-dependent interpretations of signs, feature associated only with humans until now. Guenther Witzany reveals that the communicative competence of all organisms is the most inherent feature of the Living Nature, distinguishing it clearly from the Non-Living Nature.

Peter Gogarten,

Dept. of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, USA; email: gogarten@uconn.edu

Günther Witzany, an expert in biocommunication, uses linguistics and communication science to provide a novel framework for the discussion of naturally occurring genome editing and for the interactions of selfish genes and molecular parasites with each other and with the host organism. Many interesting questions, for example the interactions between multiple levels of selection, are illuminated through reformulating the problem as a communication process.

Gertrudis Van de Vijver,

Centre for Critical Philosophy, University of Ghent, Belgium; email: Gertrudis.VandeVijver@Ugent.be

At last a systematic and updated account of the living in terms of communicative processes! Of course there is no life without communication, and of course, as Watzlawick already pointed out, it is not possible not to communicate. But someone like Guenther Witzany had to come along to collect, interpret and systematize the relevant data. Not as a distant spectator, however, but as a participant and engaged thinker very well aware of the philosophical and metaphysical changesthat are required to adequately conceive of the living as an essentially communicative process.

Luis P. Villarreal,

Director Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, USA; email: lpvillar@uci.edu

The concept of a code has long been central to biology, especially molecular biology. An entire generation of scientist have been raised to think in terms of a common genetic code. Yet, curiously, the concepts from biocommunication including those of pragmatics and linguistics have seldom impacted code-thinking in the biological sciences. This book represents a much needed symbiosis of these two lines of thinking and will significantly expand our understanding of how codes can be edited or evolved.